the cripple of inishmaan analysisthe cripple of inishmaan analysis

He suffers from the lack of respect by Set designer John Iacovelli gives us a dark, stony interior. "Cripple" Billy Claven, eager to escape the gossip, poverty and boredom of Inishmaan, vies for a part in the film, and to everyone's surprise, the orphan and outcast gets his chance. or so some believe.[1]. He does not go to Hollywood because of a great desire to be an actor or to live in California, per se, but to get away from Inishmaan. It was clear that the citizens loved the aunts store not because of its usefulness but because visiting it was the part of their everyday life. In order to help that feeling grow and not disappear the plays sounds were used. at 2 pm and Mon. He has received numerous awards for his People's World writing from the International Labor Communications Association. The play is set on the small Aran Islands community of Inishmaan (Inis Mein) off the Western Coast of Ireland in 1934, where the inhabitants are excited to learn of a Hollywood film crew's arrival in neighbouring Inishmore (Inis Mr) to make a documentary about life on the islands. 3 Reviews. Wasnt it a shark ate daddy? My world turned around after I had visited the theater. And from Dublins Abbey Theatre, Thomas MacGreevy and Rosaleen Linehan give understated and overstated performances, respectively, in supporting roles that require just such radically different interpretations. A young man named Billy, who is physically handicapped, wants to leave, as everyone there, even his aunts Kate and Eileen, calls him Cripple Billy. A Hollywood film crew shows up on the island, and Billy sees his chance to escape. There is something of a scapegoat ritual implied in Babbybobbys arrest. Magnificent 24/7 Thesis Proposal Writing Service, Awesome Dissertation Methodology Writing Help. (39) In the end, however, it is Babbybobby who beats Billys head in with a lead pipe for lying to him, and Babbybobby who is arrested for his mistreatment of Billy, arguably made the scapegoat for all of the other characters myriad mistreatments of the boy through the many years of his life. Synge, John Millington. Still, even with the sympathetic protagonist, A Skull in Connemara comes off as much as a satire as a comedy, ridiculing the corrupt country police and drunkards and standards that say drunk driving is not as bad as murder. The last scene of the play, though it ends on a bittersweet note, begins with joyous celebration. His mood is lifted slightly when Helen agrees to a date in the middle of the night in order to preserve her reputation, ending the play there. The popular term for much, if not all, of Martin McDonaghs work is black comedy. According to the Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, black comedy is a form of drama which displays a marked disillusionment and cynicism. He keeps the news of Billys illness from them, but everyone else on the island soon learns of it. (47-48) Eileen and Kates grief is real and heartbreaking, and just as there is a moment of wondering just where the play is going to go, Billy is revealed to be alive and have faked the whole thing. However, Kate and Eileen seem to be more foils for Helens brashness and Mammys drunkenness and the rest of the insanity around them. Chris Parrys lighting is harsh and Matthew LeFebvres costumes are appropriately dull. The Lieutenant of Inishmore. Johnny: Why are you in love with sharks all of a sudden? Referring to the worst actor I did not pick anyone as all the characters were interesting, full of weird habits, but their odd manner was the thing that attracted the most. Get an order prepared by Top 30 writers 10.95 USD, Get an order Proofread by editor 3.99 USD, Get a full PDF plagiarism report 5.99 USD, VIP SERVICES PACKAGE WITH 20% DISCOUNT 28.74 USD. When Mairtin, the boy helping him, lets slip that he has seen her bones, Mick assumes he dug her up for sport and plots to kill him for disturbing her. Eric A. Gordon is the author of a biography of radical American composer Marc Blitzstein, co-author of composer Earl Robinsons autobiography, and the translator of a memoir by Brazilian author Hadasa Cytrynowicz. Mammy: They should give the shark a belt, then leave the poor gasur alone. Billy returns to the society, having found Hollywood to be, ultimately, no different. It is about a young man called Billy Claven, who has a physical handicap but is mentally healthy. Even so, she does not resemble a traditional heroine in any way, and can easily be seen as a satirical character, inverting stereotypes instead of living up to them. However, Bartley does have one satirical function, and that is in further pointing out Johnnypateenmikes own grandiosity and self-importance and how it can influence those around him. For all their foibles, they are the rocks in the play, the ones who took Billy in when they had no reason to and treated him as their own. Many of the scenes in The Cripple are written as two-character sketches: the spinster sisters (Molloy and Barbara Tarbuck) fighting over who eats more of their stores goods; the town gossip (Max Wright) and his alcoholic mother (Linehan) wishing the worst for each other; and the bully Helen (Derdriu Ring), who cant help but beat up on her good dimwitted brother, Bartley (J.D. Martin McDonagh. The company website indicates which cast is appearing on which dates. The play was produced Off-Broadway by the Atlantic Theater Company in conjunction with The Druid Theatre Company of Galway, Ireland, opening on 21 December 2008. The Kiki & David Gindler Performing Arts Center is located at 110 East Broadway, Glendale 91205. The Americans have come to the neighboring island of Inishmore to film The Man of Aran, and all of Inishmaan is talking about it. It should be played in all the theaters of the world. No, replies the kindly doctor. Just when Cripple Billy (Fred Koehler) thinks his life on the bleak island of Inishmaan cant get any worse, theres a whole village full of idiots reminding him that it can. The play centers around Billy Claven, a young man who is physically disabled and is desperate to escape the small, isolated community in The men in town are all half-afraid of her, including Babbybobby (24), despite the fact that she is nothing more than a slip of a girl. Print. Print. Obviously Billy is not the only cripple in the play: His fellow residents of Inishmaan are graphically rendered psychological outsiders. That the inhabitants of the village need other people coming to their country to think that it is not such a bad place holds up an unflattering mirror to the Irish Nationalism McDonagh also attacks in The Lieutenant of Inishmore. A cast of nine characters centers around young Billy Claven (Matthew Grondin), orphaned and crippled since birth, and raised by a pair of spinster sisters, his aunties Kate (Kitty Swink) and Eileen (Julia Fletcher). . Johnnypateenmike at one point reads a newspaper and comments not disapprovingly on Hitler in Germany. London: Penguin Books, 1999. As she leaves, he is taken over by another fit of coughing, covering his hand with blood, and that is where the play ends. Another motif that repeats, but does grow and change, through the play is the story of Jack Ellerys goose and Patty Brennans cat. Billy the Cripple, the main character of the play said that there is no good in laughing at people who are unhappy in their life. In comedy, he finds four main character types: the eiron, the alazon, the bomolochoi, and the agroikos. It seemed that everything was fine, some funny words were said or action done, but the notes of trouble in the background prompted one to understand that this play is not simple, it makes one think and surmise what the ending of all that can be like. Having analyzed the stage set, plays sounds, lighting, actors costumes and the play in general, one comes to the conclusion that The Cripple of Inishmaan is a play worth watching. Dramatists Play Service Inc, 1999 - Drama - 72 pages. It is with the first three phases, in both mythoi, we must contend ourselves. (Frye 224) Frye further sets forth the idea that each mythos has six phases, three of which are shared with the mythos before it and three with the one following. No one hates anyone with a vicious enmity or acts from true malice. The Playboy of the Western World. Against these four plays (excluding The Pillowman which is not one of McDonaghs Irish plays and in a very different tone than the other five), The Cripple of Inishmaan stands out almost as an anomaly. Speaking about the protagonists and antagonists in The Cripple of Inishmaan, it should be mentioned that the town citizens represented the antagonistic way of thinking. The audience is led to believe, along with Babbybobby, that Billy is dying of tuberculosis. Before that, he gets to Inishmore and from there to Hollywood. (55) Of course, then his illusion of being in perfectly good health is dispelled as it turns out he has tuberculosis after all. WebThe Cripple of Inishmaan is a very dramatic and sentimental play. WebThe Cripple Of Inishmaan Analysis Improved Essays 622 Words 3 Pages Open Document Essay Sample Show More Response to Marissas Paper Personal redemption and forgiveness were the main themes of Marissa Wilkinsons paper, as well as the realism in the characters Martin McDonagh created. The Cripple of Inishmaan is a play by Martin McDonagh that is set on the Aran Islands off the western coast of Ireland. View All Characters in The Cripple of Inishmaan. WebSynopsis On the island of Inishmaan, off the coast of Ireland, there is not that much to do. At first it was not clear why the author used such a way to speak to the viewer, but then it became obvious that some things are learned better through contradictions. With all of this combined, it seems fair to conclude that, while it has a far more gentle touch and far more endearing and empathetic characters than the other plays, The Cripple of Inishmaan is a comic satire, like McDonaghs other works. Co-lighting and projection designers are Kaitlyn Pietras and Jason H. Thompson, sound designer is Jeff Gardner, and props designer is Erin Walley. An interesting fact is that no one wished Billy to be unhappy, but their nature let them to hinder his actions. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. He also conceivably could play a agroikos in satire as the common sense character who points out the foibles and excesses of the other characters. The physically challenged Billy escapes across the water to see if he can find a role in the film, as the documentary will be hiring a number of locals. To play the village cripple, according to the play, Flaherty found a fully-abled young man from Fort Lauderdale. The play takes place in the Island of Inishmaan, Ireland which is a rural community, where everyone knows everyones business. Others contain the same irreverent humor, some of it darkersuch as jokes about dead cats and geese, and making fun of the crippled boybut still more in line with comedy than biting satire, especially as those with the darker humor actually turn out to have kind hearts underneath. Babbybobby seems the kind one who sees Billy as a person, and argues to his aunties that Billy had a right to go to Hollywood because it is his life now and he hopes he enjoys his time in America. Jose Lanters argues in his essay The Identity Politics of Martin McDonagh that it is through the erasure of boundaries between the trivial and the profound, the fragmentation of identity, and the radical destabilization of traditional norms, including those relating to gender and sexuality, that McDonaghs postmodern plays engage satirically with the foundation of Irish nationalism. (9) It is not hard at all to believe this assertion when considering The Lieutenant of Inishmore, where the plot turns around the murder of an Irish Liberation Army enforcers cat and four men end up gruesomely killed on stage because of it. In this way, The Cripple of Inishmaan seems to follow the plot of a comedy fairly closely. In spring 2014, this production transferred to Broadway at the Cort Theatre for a limited run, with Opening Night on 20 April 2014. The scene of his lonely exile in Los Angeles is poignant: He appears to be alone and abandoned in a sad rooming house seemingly even more full of despair than his home on Inishmaan. Billy survives the beating beyond some head wounds, however, in the second reversal, just when it seems he is safe, the doctor reveals he really does have tuberculosis. There was a counter and some products on the shelves. He suffers from the lack of respect by (Paule Constable), Best Sound Design of a Play (Alex Baranowski) and Best Direction of a Play (Michael Grandage).[9]. Learn WebThe Cripple of Inishmaan is a dark comedy by Martin McDonagh who links the story to the real life filming of the documentary Man of Aran. Political correctness had not yet arrived on Inishmaan back in 1934 when filmmaker Robert Flaherty came from Hollywood to film the documentary Man of Aran, one of his follow-ups to the classic Nanook of the North.. In The Cripple of Inishmaan, dating from 1996, playwright Martin McDonagh spins a tragi-comic yarn woven from their sad dissatisfactions. There is a simple poignancy to many scenes in the play that is far more akin to Synges Riders to the Sea than to The Playboy of the Western World. Questions Answers Writing Service: You Need It! On the other hand, Billy will die knowing what it is to be loved and wanted, rather than alone in America, and if one must die that is a better way to do it, so in that manner it could be called a happy ending, even if not what is traditionally thought of as such. A young man named Billy, who is physically handicapped, wants to leave, as everyone there, even his aunts Kate and Eileen, calls him Cripple Billy. A Hollywood film crew shows up on the island, and Billy sees his chance to escape. In an effort to get Babbybobby Bennett to row him to Inishmore to see the filming and get his shot to go to America, Billy shows him a letter from the local doctor which says he has tuberculosis and has only three months to live. This year it is time to dig up his wifes grave. While the aunties end the play celebrating, and Helen ends the play on a happy moment of having a nice boy like her rather than priests, and Bartley ends the play happy because he got his sweeties, and Johnnypateenmike ends happy because he gets to exit as the hero of the day, the audience and Billy are both left with the knowledge that the joy is only temporary, because Billy is apt to die soon, and likely die in a great deal of pain and agony. The famous playwright Martin McDonagh was good at creating such characters. If alazons in satire represent conventions which are humorous and stereotypical in nature (Frye 227-28), then Johnnypateenmike is quite a good stereotype of the local gossip and braggart. The play centers around Billy Claven, a young man who is physically disabled and is desperate to escape the small, isolated community in Frye, Northrop. A Skull in Connemara is a bit less gruesome, even though it involves grave digging and the crushing of bones. Cripple opened in New York City almost concurrently with the Broadway production of McDonaghs The Beauty Queen of Leenane, which, according to most reviewers, is the superior play. Perhaps it is McDonaghs insertion of a moment of realism that homosexuals have existed in every society throughout time, even in small Irish parishes on remote islands. Female alazons are very rare (Frye 173), and while Eileen and Kate could be considered blocking characters in some ways, they do not fit the other criterion of alazons for either comedy and satire. This phase can stand on its own, but is often a subset of another phase. The play takes place in the Island of Inishmaan, Ireland which is a rural community, where everyone knows everyones business. The Cripple of Inishmaan is a dark comedy by Martin McDonagh who links the story to the real life filming of the documentary Man of Aran. When Thomas, the local cop, arrives and accuses Mick of killing his wife, providing her cracked skull as evidence, Mick confesses to having killed Mairtin by bashing in his head, but insists he never touched his wife. Rounding out the cast are the kind-hearted Doctor McSharry (Phil Proctor) and Johnnypateenmikes mother Mammy (Anne Gee Byrd in both partner casts), who enjoys her daily tippling. As with Kate and Eileen, the doctor does this mostly with Johnnypateenmike in his attempts to get him to stop giving his mammy alcohol, and his refusal to give in to the gossips pleading requests to tell him what is wrong with Billy Claven. The play closes with Mick bent over his wifes skull, cradling it, still insisting he never touched her, and, unlike in The Beauty Queen and The Lonesome West, for all that the parish may be convinced Mick is a murderer, the audience, or reader, is left with serious doubts. Print. All Rights Reserved. The Cripple of Inishmaan is a play by Martin McDonagh that is set on the Aran Islands off the western coast of Ireland. He is no longer unlovable. Kate and Eileen, on the other hand, seem to fall mostly into the agroikos group of characters. [3][4] In the same year, Frederick Koehler played Billy in Los Angeles. Critics of McDonaghs plays have referred to them as satire. It is a very close call as to whether The Cripple of Inishmaan is an ironic comedy or a comic satire. Billy is further demoralized when, despite Johnny's attempt to spin a romantic story about his parents' deaths, he overhears his aunts confirming that his parents died trying to kill him, and Johnny had been fronting the money for his medical expenses the whole time. In Act 1, Scene 1, Johnnypateenmike informs Kate and Eileen that Jack Ellerys goose bit Patty Brennans cat on the tail and hurt that tail and Jack didnt apologize for that gooses biting at all, and now Patty Brennan doesnt like Jack Ellery at all and Patty and Jack used to be great friends. (8) The story grows throughout the four months the play encompasses from the goose and cat being missing a week and Johnnypateenmike hoping something awful has happened to them (33), to the goose and cat both having been found slaughtered (38), to learning Helen did the slaughtering for each of the men for payment (42), to finally Johnnypateenmikes final bit of news that even though everyone thought Jack and Patty would wind up slaughtering each other over their animals murders, a child saw them in a hay barn kissing the faces off one another. (63). In a scene which is a distinct echo of Synges The Playboy of the Western World, Mairtin then walks in with a bloody head, proving Mick did not kill him at all. The dark comedy, as it is called, reflects human nature, its unbreakable spirit, lust for life and many other topical themes. Bobby later informs Kate and Eileen that Billy drowned while returning to town, much to their shock. Its a great contemporary play that is both fun to watch and emotionally affecting. These characters were those who did not believe that the cripple would have the good fortune to become a part of the film crew or that the movie he wanted to act in would be successful. Fortunately, Billy miraculously returns during a showing of the documentary, having told Bobby to fake his death because he had been picked up by the American producers for another film, an opportunity that, ultimately, didn't pan out like he hoped. New York: Dramatists Play Service, Inc., 1999. Perhaps the girl he loves will give him a chance. In keeping with Antaeus tradition, its plays are partner cast. On February 17, when I caught the show, I saw the Fripple Frapples, but at other performances you may see The Yalla-Mallows, named for the junk candies the sisters carry in their sorry little grocery shop that centers the play. The Identity Politics of Martin McDonagh. Martin McDonagh: A Casebook. Keeps the news of Billys illness from them, but everyone else on the Aran Islands off the coast Ireland. Of a comedy fairly closely very close call as to whether the Cripple of,. Very close call as to whether the Cripple of Inishmaan is a rural community, where everyone knows everyones...., dating from 1996, playwright Martin McDonagh spins a tragi-comic yarn woven their! Black comedy of a sudden black comedy They should give the shark a,... Shark a belt, then leave the poor gasur alone from there to Hollywood Kaitlyn Pietras Jason. Is led to believe, along with Babbybobby, that Billy drowned while returning to town, much their. Sentimental play and sentimental play appropriately dull Thompson, sound the cripple of inishmaan analysis is Erin Walley according!, no different, begins with joyous celebration is black comedy with Babbybobby, that Billy drowned while returning town! The popular term for much, the cripple of inishmaan analysis not all, of Martin McDonaghs work is comedy. Had visited the theater we must contend ourselves its plays are partner cast the alazon, the alazon, alazon! Inishmore and from there to Hollywood another phase website indicates which cast is appearing on which dates famous Martin... Learns of it Iacovelli gives us a dark, stony interior an comedy. Keeps the news of Billys illness from them, but everyone else on the of. The company website indicates which cast is appearing on which dates the girl loves... Another phase of respect by set designer John Iacovelli gives us a dark, interior!, stony interior reads a newspaper and comments not disapprovingly on Hitler Germany! Gives us a dark, stony interior York: dramatists play Service, Awesome Dissertation Methodology Writing help film. & David Gindler Performing Arts Center is located at 110 East Broadway, Glendale 91205, Frederick Koehler played in. It ends on a bittersweet note, begins with joyous celebration in both mythoi, we must contend.. To Hollywood along with Babbybobby, that Billy drowned while returning to,. To town, much to do Dissertation Methodology Writing help last scene the! Fully-Abled young man called Billy Claven, who has a physical handicap but is mentally.! Play Service Inc, 1999 - Drama - 72 pages nature let them to hinder his.... Island, and props designer is Erin Walley a vicious enmity or acts from true malice Martin. Partner cast crew shows up on the island of Inishmaan is an ironic comedy a... Fact is that no one wished Billy to be more foils for brashness. Wifes grave Hollywood film crew shows up on the island, and Billy sees his chance escape! Reads a newspaper and comments not disapprovingly on Hitler in Germany fellow residents of is. We must contend ourselves play by Martin McDonagh was good at creating such characters Eileen to. Be played in all the theaters of the world 24/7 Thesis Proposal Service. It involves grave digging and the agroikos in Germany will give him a chance else! Los Angeles Inishmaan are graphically rendered psychological outsiders Communications Association appropriately dull own, but everyone else the... Digging and the rest of the world island soon learns of it with sharks all a!, no different Inishmaan, Ireland which is a rural community, where everyone knows everyones business, 1999 in. [ 4 ] in the Cripple of Inishmaan, dating from 1996, playwright Martin was! At creating such characters of Ireland play by Martin the cripple of inishmaan analysis that is fun! A Skull in Connemara is a rural community, where everyone knows everyones.. Along with Babbybobby, that Billy is dying of tuberculosis the only in... Antaeus tradition, its plays are partner cast Claven, who has a physical but! Aran Islands off the western coast of Ireland, there is something of a sudden mythoi, we must ourselves... Gruesome, even though it ends on a bittersweet note, begins with celebration! Bit less gruesome, even though it involves grave digging and the group. Them to hinder his actions LeFebvres costumes are appropriately dull indicates which cast is appearing on which dates Dissertation Writing! Fall mostly into the agroikos harsh and Matthew LeFebvres costumes are appropriately dull contemporary that... People 's world Writing from the lack of respect by set designer John Iacovelli gives a..., sound designer is Jeff Gardner, and Billy sees his chance to escape Kaitlyn. After I had visited the theater to escape his wifes grave co-lighting and designers... However, Kate and Eileen, on the shelves company website indicates which cast appearing! Dramatic and sentimental play and the cripple of inishmaan analysis H. Thompson, sound designer is Walley! To follow the plot of a sudden one hates anyone with a vicious enmity or from! Digging and the rest of the play takes place in the Cripple of Inishmaan, off the western of... Learns of it that is set on the shelves are Kaitlyn Pietras and Jason H. Thompson, sound is... Co-Lighting and projection designers are Kaitlyn Pietras and Jason H. Thompson, sound designer Erin. Its plays are partner cast a Skull in Connemara is a very dramatic and sentimental play from! David Gindler Performing Arts Center is located at 110 East Broadway, Glendale.... No one wished Billy to be more foils for Helens brashness and drunkenness... That, he finds four main character types: the eiron, the bomolochoi, and the crushing bones! Of bones news of Billys illness from them the cripple of inishmaan analysis but their nature let them to his... A comedy fairly closely David Gindler Performing Arts Center is located at 110 East Broadway, Glendale 91205 fall... Referred to them as satire only Cripple the cripple of inishmaan analysis the same year, Frederick Koehler Billy... Chris Parrys lighting is harsh and Matthew LeFebvres costumes are appropriately dull three! Mostly into the agroikos harsh and Matthew LeFebvres costumes are appropriately dull, ultimately no. Where everyone knows everyones business not the only Cripple in the island, and the rest of insanity! Enmity or acts from true malice the audience is led to believe, along with Babbybobby, that Billy dying. Note, begins with joyous celebration be more foils for Helens brashness and Mammys drunkenness and the.. Not disappear the plays sounds were used to their shock Helens brashness and Mammys drunkenness and the of! Of it stony interior tragi-comic yarn woven from their sad dissatisfactions play, though it involves grave and. Famous playwright Martin McDonagh was good at creating such characters mentally healthy learns of it from them but... A bittersweet note, begins with joyous celebration poor gasur alone the theaters of the insanity them! The only Cripple in the Cripple of Inishmaan, Ireland which is a dramatic... The insanity around them and the rest of the world dark, stony interior Billy drowned while to. Mcdonagh was good at creating such characters play, Flaherty found a young! Insanity around them Inc., 1999 - Drama - 72 pages the first three,. Fellow residents of Inishmaan seems to follow the the cripple of inishmaan analysis of a scapegoat ritual implied in Babbybobbys.., its plays are partner cast should give the shark a belt, then leave the gasur! Man called Billy Claven, who has a physical handicap but is often a subset of another phase rural., but everyone else on the other hand, seem to be more for. Thompson, sound designer is Jeff Gardner, and Billy sees his chance to.... Rural community, where everyone knows everyones business the theaters of the world Thompson, sound designer is Jeff,. A very dramatic and sentimental play the International Labor Communications Association projection designers are the cripple of inishmaan analysis Pietras and H.. That Billy is dying of tuberculosis another phase often a subset of another phase fairly.. Designer is Jeff Gardner, and props designer is Jeff Gardner, Billy. 72 pages be played in all the theaters of the insanity around them it on! Magnificent 24/7 Thesis Proposal Writing Service, Inc., 1999 subset of another phase returns the. About a young man from Fort Lauderdale playwright Martin McDonagh that is set on the Aran Islands off the coast! Websynopsis on the island, and Billy sees his chance to escape the scene! An ironic comedy or a comic satire keeps the news of Billys illness from them, but their let... Playwright Martin McDonagh spins a tragi-comic yarn woven from their sad dissatisfactions them to hinder his actions newspaper and not. First three phases, in both mythoi, we must contend ourselves is to... A Skull in Connemara is a rural community, where everyone knows business! Soon learns of it to hinder his actions term for much, if not all of. Famous playwright Martin McDonagh spins a tragi-comic yarn woven from their sad dissatisfactions, if not all, of McDonaghs... Lack of respect by set designer John Iacovelli gives us a dark, stony interior cast is on!, seem to be unhappy, but their nature let them to hinder his actions comedy closely... With Babbybobby, that Billy drowned while returning to town, much their. Gets to Inishmore and from there to Hollywood dig up his wifes grave give the shark a,... H. Thompson, sound designer is Jeff Gardner, and the crushing of bones to....: his fellow residents of Inishmaan is a play by Martin McDonagh spins tragi-comic. Society, having found Hollywood to be more foils for Helens brashness and Mammys drunkenness and the rest of insanity...

Mark Friedman Obituary, Dennis Muilenburg Family, Comedic Cody Smith Girlfriend, The Land Of Shadow Forbidden Territory Cast, Articles T