Abusive head trauma (AHT), which includes shaken baby syndrome, is a preventable and severe form of physical child abuse that results in an injury to the brain of an infant or child. Laurent-Vannier A, Bernard JY, & Chevignard M. Child Abuse Review. Imaging findings in abusive head trauma (AHT). Practice Variation in Use of Neuroimaging Among Infants With Concern for Abuse Treated in Childrens Hospitals. Learn more about SBS and how to . February 2021. About 1,360 babies died of SIDS in 2017, the last year for which such statistics are available. Child Maltreatment. An analysis of physicians' diagnostic reasoning regarding pediatric abusive head trauma. Rabbitt AL, Kelly TG, Yan K, et al. Transphyseal Distal Humeral Fractures: A 13-Times-Greater Risk of Non-Accidental Trauma Compared with Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in Children Less Than 3 Years of Age. Data Description. Pediatric abusive head trauma and stroke. June 2018. Chesire EC, Malcomson RDG, Sun P, et al. Metz JB, Otjen JP, Perez F, et al. Baerg J, Thirumoorthi A, Vannix R. et al. Pediatric traumatic brain injury and ocular injury. Rise in the incidence of abusive head trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic. July 2021. Exploring the Vitreoretinal Interface: a Key Instigator of Unique Retinal Hemorrhage Patterns in Pediatric Head Trauma. In 2018, in two separate Gold Coast homes, . The retina is a light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that covers about 65 percent of its interior surface. January 2016. Chen, Q., Chen, X., Xu, L., et al. 2020. Leading Cause of Child Abuse Deaths in U.S. 1,300 Cases per Year in U.S. 25% Die. Paediatrics and Child Health. Acceptance of Shaken Baby Syndrome and Abusive Head Trauma as Medical Diagnoses. Disease Models and Mechanisms. Relevance of Abusive Head Trauma to Intracranial Hemorrhagesand Bleeding Disorders. A systematic autopsy survey of human infant bridging veins. Glenn K, Nickerson E, Bennett CV, et al. Crying is the #1 Trigger. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. Texas has the highest rate of infant deaths in the nation. Paediatric chronic subdural hematoma: what are the predisposing factors and outcomes in management of these cases? Nonaccidental Trauma is an Independent Risk Factor for Mortality Among Injured Infants. An analysis of physicians' diagnostic reasoning regarding pediatric abusive head trauma, Postmortem computed tomography plus forensic autopsy for determining the cause of death in child fatalities. Jackson, J.E., Beres, A.L., Theodorou, C.M., et al. Ferguson, N.M., Rebsamen, S., Field A.S., et al. Governale LS, Brink FW, Pluta CP, et al. December 2015. Adamsbaum C, de Boissieu P, Teglas JP, et al. Sampei, M., Fujiwara, T., & Isumi, A.Japanese Journal of Public Health. April 2022. Ronning MM, Carolan PL, Cutler GJ, Patterson RJ. A review of current imaging techniques used for the detection of occult bony fractures in young children suspected of sustaining non-accidental injury. January 2023. Purushothaman, R., Desai, S., Jayappa, S., et al. Snelling, P.J., Thanasingam, A.A., Jones, P., et al. Child Abuse Review. Emergency Medicine Journal, BMJ. February 2023. The Journal of Pediatrics. Brain Sciences. Shaken baby syndrome in an infant treated for retinopathy of prematurity with anti-VEGF injection. Oct 2016. The role of the pediatric neurosurgeon in abusive head injuries: a survey of members of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. A Washington Post investigation turned up 1,600 shaken baby syndrome convictions of parents and caregivers since 2001, 16 of which were subsequently overturned. Cohrs, G., Winter, S.M., Siska, W., et al. Evaluation of nonaccidental trauma in infants presenting with skull fractures: a retrospective review. Pediatric Radiology. A review on clotting disorders and retinal hemorrhages: Can they mimic abuse? Change in Incidence and Severity of Abusive Head Trauma in the Paediatric Age Group Pre- and During COVID-19 Lockdown in the North East of England. Laurent-Vannier A, Adamsbaum C, Raul JS, et al. The Journal of Pediatrics. June 2019. Arnold, T., Siekmann, T., Thackeray, J., et al. May 2021. September 2022. February 2022. Clinical Radiology. Abusive head trauma: experience improves diagnosis, Evaluating abusive head trauma in children <5 years old: Risk factors and the importance of the social history. Pediatric Emergency Medicine. September 2022. Journal of Pediatircs. Child Abuse & Neglect. Pediatric abusive head trauma and stroke. Infant deaths can be further classified into neonatal (0-27 days) and postneonatal (28 days-under 1 year) periods. Parreco J, Quiroz HJ, Willobee BA, et al. Regeffe, F., Chevignard, M., Millet, A., et al. Lindberg D, Dubowitz H, Alexander RC, & Reece, RM. An In-Depth Analysis of Brain and Spine Neuroimaging in Children with Abusive Head Trauma: Beyond the Classic Imaging Findings. Globally 2.4 million children died in the first month of life in 2020. Pediatric Emergency Care. Pavone, V., Vescio, A., Lucenti, L., et al. Cartocci, G., Fineschi, V., Padovano, M., et al. AlOmran, H.I., AlKharaan, Z.I., AlDawsari, K.M., et al. September 2022. Injuries that characterize Shaken Baby Syndrome are intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding in and around the brain); retinal hemorrhage (bleeding in the retina of the eye); and fractures of the ribs and at the ends of the long bones. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. Memorandum Opinion and Order on the United States' Motion in Limine for Daubert Ruling Regarding the Admissibility and Scope of Defendant's Proposed Expert Witness. January 2023. American Academy of Pediatrics AAP Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS: Positioning and . Wright J, Painter S, Sujayeendra Kodagali S, et al. Hospital Variation in Cervical Spine Imaging of Young Children with Traumatic Brain Injury. June 2022. February 2020. Ocular Injuries in Pediatric Patients Admitted with Abusive Head Trauma. July 2022. Distinguishing child abuse fractures from rickets. Determining the Tractional Forces on Vitreoretinal Interface Using Computer Simulation Model in Abusive Head Trauma. Karmazyn, B., Marine, M.B., Wanner, M.R., et al. Nov. 2018. Risk Factors for Maltreatment in Siblings of Abused Children. With approximately 1,300 cases of shaken baby syndrome reported each year in the US, it's the leading cause of physical child abuse deaths in this country. Chaiyachati, B.H., Wood, J.N., Carter, C., et al. Wilson, T.A., Gospodarev, Vadim, Hendrix, S., et al. July 2019. Strouse PJ. A descriptive study of accidental skeletal injuries and non-accidental skeletal injuries of child maltreatment. Lee G.S, Lindberg, D.M., Frasier, L., et al. The Eye in Pediatric Systemic Disease. 2022 Health of Women and Children Report. April 2021. Parasagittal vertex clots on head CT in infants with subdural hemorrhages as a predictor for abusive head trauma. Judicial handling of cases of non-accidental head trauma in infants: Review and analysis of expert assessments. Infant mortality rate continues to be one of the most widely used indicators of the overall health status of a community. The Association of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Units and Reports of Child Abuse and Neglect. January 2021. Pediatric traumatic brain injury and ocular injury, Neurosurgical aspects of abusive head trauma management in children: a review for the training neurosurgeon, Usefulness of 3-D computed tomography for diagnosis of abusive head trauma, Dating of Traumatic Brain Injury in Forensic Cases Using Immunohistochemical Markers (I): Neurofilaments and -Amyloid Precursor Protein. Karmazyn, B., Reher, T.A., Supakul, N., et al. December 2022. The role of the pediatric neurosurgeon in abusive head injuries: a survey of members of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. Salisbury, T., Qurashi, N., & Mansoor, Q. British and Irish Orthoptic Journal. Infant skull fracture risk for low height falls. Neuroradiology. December 2022. February 2021. The Eyes Have It: How Critical are Ophthalmic Findings to the Diagnosis of Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma? Doswell, A., Anderst, J., Tieder, J.S., et al. Child Abuse & Neglect. Skip to content. Describing functional skills in children with cerebral palsy close to age 5years matters. Prevalence of Abuse Among Young Children With Rib Fractures. The statement is published in Pediatric Radiology. Identifying abusive head trauma and its mimics: diagnostic nuances. Accidental and Abusive Mandible Fractures in Infants and Toddlers. External Validation of the PediBIRN Clinical Prediction Rule for Abusive Head Trauma. Initial response of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology and Society for Pediatric Radiology to the Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services' document on the triad of shaken baby syndrome. Characteristics of rib fractures in young abused children. January 2022. The evolution of the abusive head trauma (AHT) diagnosis has a long and storied history. Frequencies and occurrences of violence prior to a diagnosis of shaking. Zolotor AJ, Runyan DK, Shanahan M, Durrance CP, Nocera M, Sullivan K, Klevens J, Murphy R, Barr M, Barr RG. Counties could form local and regional Child Fatality Review Teams (CFRTs) as well. June 2021. World Neurosurgery. . Short term outcomes of children with abusive head trauma two years post injury: A retrospective study, Are Complex Skull Fractures Indicative of Either Child Abuse or Major Trauma in the Era of 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography, Identification of Abusive Head Trauma in High-Risk Infants: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Intracranial Injury Among Children with Abuse-Related Long Bone Fractures, Abusive Head Trauma and a Delay in Presentation for Care, Pediatric Rib Fractures Identified by Chest Radiography, Identifying Predictors of Physical Abuse Evaluation of Injured Infants, Determining the Tractional Forces on Vitreoretinal Interface Using Computer Simulation Model in Abusive Head Trauma, Legal Outcomes of Suspected Maltreatment Cases Evaluated by a Child Abuse Pediatrician as Part of a Multidisciplinary Team Investigation*, Prevalence and distribution of occult fractures on skeletal surveys in children with suspected non-accidental trauma imaged or reviewed in a tertiary Dutch hospital, Cerebrospinal fluid interaction with cerebral cortext during pediatric abusive head trauma, Disability and visual outcomes following suspected abusive head trauma in children under 2 years, Features of intracranial hemorrhage in cerebral venous thrombosis, Incidence and Risk Factors for Abusive Head Trauma A Population-Based Study, High Frequency of Previous Abuse and Missed Diagnoses Prior to Abusive Head Trauma: A Consecutive Case Series of 100 Forensic Examinations, Abusive Head Trauma in Infants: Incidence and Detection of Prior Brain Injury, What Do Confessions Reveal about Abusive Head Trauma? Kratchman, D.M., Vaugh, P., Silverman, B.L., et al. Abusive Head Trauma through Shaking: Examination of the Perpetrators According to Dating of the Traumatic Event. Brain injury biomechanics and abusive head trauma. Child Abuse & Neglect. Identifying Predictors of Physical Abuse Evaluation of Injured Infants. Abusive Head Trauma in Infants and Children in Japan. Many signs of shaken baby syndrome, like fussiness or throwing up, are . Developmental Outcomes Following Abusive Head Trauma in Infancy: A Systematic Review. 2022 Senior Report. Factors associated with poor neurological outcome in children after abusive head trauma: A multicenter retrospective study. J AAPOS. Burtard, C., Panks, J., Silverman, L.B., et al. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics. Estimated rates of mortality or death for those suffering from shaken baby syndrome range from around 15% to upwards of 38%; the median average is between 20% and 25%. July 2021. Dec. 2016. February 2022. November 2021. Babies would die in their sleep, and it was presumed that little could be done to prevent those deaths. Fracture-Associated Bruising and Soft Tissue Swelling in Young Children With Skull Fractures. Charting the Globe: How Technologies Have Affected Our Understanding of Retinal Findings in Abusive Head Trauma/Shaken Baby Syndrome. Abusive Head Trauma through Shaking: Examination of the Perpetrators According to Dating of the Traumatic Event. June 2020. February 2016. Optical Coherence Tomography and Visual Outcomes in Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma. June 2021. Obry, S., Roman, E., Tavernier, E., et al. The legal challenges to the diagnosis of shaken baby syndrome or how to counter 12 common fake news. May 2022. Pediatrics. May 2021. High prevalence of non-accidental trauma among deceased children presenting at Level I trauma centers in the Netherlands. Identification of Initial and Subsequent Injury in Young Infants. Abusive Head Trauma: Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is the group of signs and symptoms experienced by very young children who are shaken. T.O., Yuan, K., et al. Blumenthal, A. Common factors associated with increased risk of child abuse are often individual characteristics, substance abuse, and young age of the parent or caregivers; the age, health, physical, mental, emotional, and social development of the child; history of violence within the family structure; poverty and economic conditions, social attitudes, promotion of violence, and cultural norms of the community; lack of education and resources for the family. Pediatric Neurology. Diagnostic Tools in the Detection of Physical Child Abuse: A Systematic Review. Increased severity of abusive head trauma during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. August 2015. Klevens J, Luo F, Xu L, Peterson C, Latzman NE. Chong CF, Misra SL, Escardo-Paton JA, Dai S. Eye. Sarmiento, C.A., Wyrwa, J.M., Chambliss, A.V., et al. March 2022. Mild injuries might include learning disabilities, personality changes, or behavior problems. Messing-Junger, M., & Alhourani, J. The monthly incidence of abusive head trauma, inflicted skeletal trauma, and unexplained skin lesion in children in six French university hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Identification of Abusive Head Trauma in High-Risk Infants: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Disability and visual outcomes following suspected abusive head trauma in children under 2 years. Sakakihara, A., Masumoto, T., & Kurozawa, Y. Mild abusive head injury: diagnosis and pitfalls. April 2017. Martin, E., Kraft, J., Wilder, R., et al. Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma Prevention Initiatives: A Literature Review. Estimating the probability of abusive head trauma after abuse evaluation. Describing functional skills in children with cerebral palsy close to age 5years matters. Ruest S, Kanaan G, Moore J, & Goldberg AP. A baby carrier fall leading to intracranial bleeding and multilayered retinal hemorrhages. A Cost Analysis of a Validated Screening Tool for Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma. December 2021. Rapid MRI evaluation of acute intracranial hemorrhage in pediatric head trauma. Abusive head trauma in India: imaging raises the curtain. Neurosurgery. The diagnosis and management of abusive head injuries in infancy in Egypt. Christian CW and Levin AV. Initial response of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology and Society for Pediatric Radiology to the Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services' document on the triad of shaken baby syndrome. Kelly, J.P., Feldman, K.W., & Weiss, A. Retinal Cases and Brief Reports. Prevalence, Patterns, and Clinical Relevance of Hypoxic-Ischemic Injuries in Children Exposed to Abusive Head Trauma, Advanced Cervical Spine Imaging in Abusive Head Trauma: An Update on Recent Literature and Future Directions, Eight-year outcome of implementation of abusive head trauma prevention, Racial and Ethic Disparities and Bias in the Evaluation and Reporting of Abusive Head Trauma, The Eye Examination in the Evaluation of Child Abuse, Development of a Model of Hemispheric Hypodensity ("Big Black Brain"), Pathology of Permiacular Folds due to Vitreoretinal Traction in Abusive Head Trauma, The Big Black Brain: Subdural Hemorrhage with Hemispheric Swelling and Low Attenuation, Factors influencing child protection professionals' decision-making and multidiscliplinary collaboration in suspected abusive head trauma cases: A qualitative study, Acceptablity of the Predicting Abusive Head Trauma (PredAHT) clinical prediction tool: A qualitative study with child protection professionals, Combatting misinformation about abusive head trauma: AAP endorses new report, Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome). 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